Gender Bias Found In Student Ratings Of High School Science Teachers

A study of 18,000 biology, chemistry and physics students has uncovered notable gender bias in student ratings of high school science teachers.
Source: ScienceDaily: Latest Science News | 9 Feb 2009 | 1:00 am

Beach Vacations May Increase Future Skin Cancer Risk In Children

Vacationing at the shore led to a 5 percent increase in nevi (more commonly called "moles") among 7-year-old children, according to an article in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention.
Source: ScienceDaily: Latest Science News | 9 Feb 2009 | 1:00 am

Microcoils Help Locate Small Lung Nodules

A new technique combining computed tomography with fiber-coated surgical microcoils allows physicians to successfully locate and remove small lung nodules without the need for a more invasive procedure, according to a new study.
Source: ScienceDaily: Latest Science News | 9 Feb 2009 | 1:00 am

Zinc Supplements During Pregnancy May Counteract Damage From Early Alcohol Exposure

Animal research has shown that binge drinking -- even just once -- during early pregnancy can cause numerous problems for the fetus, including early postnatal death. Fetal zinc deficiency may explain some of the birth defects and neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with alcohol exposure. New rodent findings are the first to show that dietary zinc supplements throughout pregnancy can reduce some alcohol-related birth defects.
Source: ScienceDaily: Latest Science News | 9 Feb 2009 | 1:00 am

New Bird Species: New Species Of Babbler Discovered In China

A new species of babbler has been described from Guangxi province in south-west China close to the border with Vietnam. Named Nonggang Babbler Stachyris nonggangensis, after the reserve at which it was discovered, this new species is closely related to Sooty Babbler S. herberti but is larger and has white crescent patches behind the ear coverts and dark spots on the upper breast and throat.
Source: ScienceDaily: Latest Science News | 9 Feb 2009 | 1:00 am

Census Of Modern Organisms Reveals Echo Of Ancient Mass Extinction

Paleontologists can still hear the echo of the death knell that drove the dinosaurs and many other organisms to extinction following an asteroid collision at the end of the Cretaceous Period 65 million years ago. "The evolutionary legacy of the end-Cretaceous extinction is very much with us. In fact, it can be seen in virtually every marine community, every lagoon, every continental shelf in the world," said University of Chicago paleontologist David Jablonski.
Source: ScienceDaily: Latest Science News | 9 Feb 2009 | 1:00 am

Targeted Nanospheres Find, Penetrate, Then Fuel Burning Of Melanoma

Hollow gold nanospheres equipped with a targeting peptide find melanoma cells, penetrate them deeply, and then cook the tumor when bathed with near-infrared light, scientists have reported in Clinical Cancer Research.
Source: ScienceDaily: Latest Science News | 8 Feb 2009 | 7:00 pm

Breakthrough To Treat Malaria: Scientists Deactivate Malaria Parasite's Digestive Machinery

Researchers have made a major breakthrough in the international fight against malaria, which claims the life of a child across the world every 30 seconds. Scientists have been able to deactivate the final stage of the malaria parasite's digestive machinery, effectively starving the parasite of nutrients and disabling its survival mechanism. This process of starvation leads to the death of the parasite.
Source: ScienceDaily: Latest Science News | 8 Feb 2009 | 7:00 pm

Mesh-like Network Of Arteries Adjusts To Restore Blood Flow To Stroke-injured Brain

A grid of small arteries at the surface of the brain redirects flow and widens at critical points to restore blood supply to tissue starved of nutrients and oxygen following a stroke, a study published this week has found.
Source: ScienceDaily: Latest Science News | 8 Feb 2009 | 7:00 pm

Potential 'Safe Period' For Hormone Replacement Use Identified

A new study confirms that the use of estrogen plus progesterone increases the risk of both ductal and lobular breast cancer far more than estrogen only; suggests a two-year "safe" period for the use of estrogen and progesterone; and finds that the increased risk for ductal cancers observed in long-term past users of hormone replacement therapy drops off substantially two years after hormone use is stopped.
Source: ScienceDaily: Latest Science News | 8 Feb 2009 | 7:00 pm

Hurricane Season 2008 (weather.com)

weather.com -
Source: Yahoo! News: Science News | 8 Feb 2009 | 11:06 am

Call for rural energy guarantee

A call is made for more to be done to help Scottish communities benefit from energy efficiency measures.
Source: BBC News | Science & Environment | UK Edition | 8 Feb 2009 | 12:22 am

New science could defeat food crises

A controversial scientific revolution that could give packaged foods a dramatically longer shelf life and boost crop growth has "real potential" to help feed a fast-growing world, according to environment secretary Hilary Benn.

New developments in nanotechnology, engineering carried out at a microscopic level, could lead to plastic packaging designed to stop food and drink spoiling by killing bacteria or preventing oxygen getting through the container.

The technology could also be used to enrich food with supplements and preserve vitamins that would otherwise be destroyed as food aged. Farmers could also use it to ensure the slow release of fertilisers at the right time for crops, and to detect threats from pests or pollutants. The technology is, however, highly controversial, with green campaigners arguing that its effects on human health are unknown.

Benn is spearheading a government project on how to cope with an estimated doubling in demand for food production worldwide by 2050, driven by a growing population and changing dietary habits in emerging nations.

"Nanotechnology has clear potential," he told the Observer. "As with all of these technologies, the government's job is to make sure we fully understand the consequences of using it, but clearly it has got real potential. We ought to be looking at all the means at our disposal."

Nanotechnology is increasingly being seen as a successor to genetically modified (GM) techniques in food production, with GM trials meeting consumer resistance and sabotage by activists.

The science is still in its infancy, but materials currently in development include fizzy-drink bottles made with nanoparticles embedded in the lining to stop carbon dioxide leaking out of the bottle, and storage bins with microscopic particles of silver, which has antibacterial properties, designed to kill any bacteria growing in the contents. Other potential applications include nanoparticles designed to absorb the vitamins in produce such as orange juice, where the vitamin C levels deteriorate quickly after the fruit has been juiced, and release them only when the liquid is drunk.

In the US, trials have also looked at the feasibility of developing "nanosensors" to be embedded in farm animals, which might be able to detect disease before it infected the whole herd.

Benn said a royal commission on environmental pollution recently had concluded there was "no evidence" of harm to health from nanotechnology, although the government was continuing to fund research to answer questions about its environmental or health impact. "Subject to people being assured of those things, then they will weigh up the benefits of the technology and take their decisions about whether to use it." Campaigners say the potential impacts of nanotechnology on both human health and the environment are unproven. Nanotechnology foods would require licensing in the UK, but Benn said the government was pushing for a wider regulatory regime to be established across the EU.

The changing economic climate has led to a renewed interest among governments in GM. Benn pointed to the use of GM soya, which is cheaper than conventional soya, in animal feed, adding: "Individuals will make their own choices, and I understand completely why people would be looking very hard at trying to stretch their pounds."

He said that the UK would await the outcome of scientific trials before any GM product could be approved for commercial growing, adding that producers would have to demonstrate that GM crops lived up to the claims made for them before they could contribute to any strategy to boost food production.

"If GM crops could help deliver better nutrition by enriching vitamins, and if GM was able to develop more drought-resistant or pest-resistant crops, then we have got a basis on which to have a discussion," he added.

Nano science: A backgrounder

Scientists have greeted the plans to give nanotechnology a greater role in food production with guarded optimism. Yes, the move was encouraging but it was also long overdue, they said.

Nanotechnology is engineering carried out at a microscopic level. Typical nanoparticles are around 30 nanometres, or 30 billionths of a metre, in diameter - roughly a 100,000th of the width of a human hair - and can be engineered to carry specks of chemicals or coat a surface or release signals. The potential of these materials is immense, as both the Royal Society and the Royal Society of Engineering pointed out in 2003. Since then several UK universities have developed world-ranking status as nanotechnology centres, including Imperial College London and Oxford. However, support from the government has been weak and only now have there been signs of interest.

"There are many ways in which nanoparticles could be used to boost food production," said Professor Terry Wilkins, of Leeds University's Nanomanufacturing Institute. "They could be used to encapsulate flavouring into foods; create packages that will change colour if their food contents go off or be used as coatings that will be bacteria-proof. However, we cannot expect the public to accept this technology without evidence that it has been rigorously tested to show it is completely safe. That must be the first task of any initiative in this field."
Robin McKie

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Source: Evolution, genetics, medicine, physics & astronomy news | guardian.co.uk | 8 Feb 2009 | 12:01 am

Babies can sharpen women's minds

Gwyneth Paltrow, Kate Winslet and Myleene Klass all claim to have suffered so-called "preg head", the sporadic amnesia and general mental deterioration thought to affect women who are pregnant or have recently given birth.

But a 10-year research project into the phenomenon by mental health scientists at the Australian National University in Canberra concludes that "baby brain" syndrome is an urban myth. Instead of suffering a slump in mental and verbal abilities during the early stages of motherhood, women's cognitive abilities improve when they become pregnant.

Moreover, researchers claim, the improvements could be permanent. "Women often report problems with memory and reasoning after they become pregnant," said the chief researcher, Professor Helen Christensen. "But the latest findings from our decade-long study, the most in-depth to look at this issue, has proven that they do not."

Christensen's findings contradict other studies into the issue. A 2002 study by Angela Oatridge, of Hammersmith hospital in London, reported that brain scans of pregnant women showed a 4% decline in size. Last year, two Australian researchers reported that pregnant women consistently performed worse on tests for memory and verbal skills.

However, Charlotte Judet, a freelance book editor, who lives in south London with her banker husband Michel, and their two daughters, Isobel, three, and Eve, one, supports the findings. "When you have small to medium-sized children, your faculties adjust so you can deal with five unexpected, stressful things all at the same time," she said. "As a mother of young children, I'm required to be hypersensitive to any signs that they might be in danger. I can distinguish between 15 sorts of cry, and know the difference between a good and a bad silence."

Christensen, who interviewed 2,500 women aged from 20 to 24, first in 1999 and then in 2004 and 2008, was adamant that her research is authoritative. "We found that women who were pregnant during the second or third batch of interviews performed the same on tests of logic and memory as they did before, and there was no difference between the pregnant women and the controls," said Christensen, who is director of the centre for mental health research at the university in Canberra.

"It really leaves the question open as to why [pregnant] women - and, often, their partners - think they have poor memories, when the best evidence we have is that they don't," she said. "Perhaps women notice minor lapses in mental ability and then attribute it to being pregnant because that is the most significant thing in their mind at the time. Or sleep deprivation could mask the positive cognitive effects." Christensen believes the improvements in mothers' mental abilities could be permanent. She points to continuing research by scientists at the National University of Singapore who recently reported evidence of new brain circuits growing from foetal cells that had migrated into the brains of pregnant mice. "Thus one might assume that women were more likely to have better, not worse, mental ability during pregnancy compared to before, and that the improvements could be permanent."

Dr Craig Kinsley, of Richmond University in Virginia, carried out research last year that mirrors Christensen's findings. "I found that having children improves a mother's lifelong mental agility and protects her brain against the neurodegenerative diseases of old age," said Kinsley, who is professor of neuroscience at the university. "While a woman may experience an apparent loss of brain function while she is pregnant, this could be because parts of her brain are being remodelled in preparation for dealing with the complicated demands of child rearing," he added.

"The changes that kick in then could last for the rest of their lives, bolstering cognitive abilities and protecting them against degenerative diseases."

'Pregnancy helped me work better'

Lucy Bevan, a casting director, lives with her husband, Wojciech Duczmal, a film editor, in west London with their 15-month-old son, Daniel.

"I was casting St Trinian's when I discovered I was pregnant. I was slightly blown away and bumbled around for a day or two, but after that I discovered I was much more focused than I had been before. I was casting The Duchess until two days before I gave birth and again found that my pregnancy improved my professional abilities.

I was so happy to be pregnant, much more calm and less stressed than usual, that I could absolutely concentrate on my work and not be as distracted as usual.

I found pregnancy very empowering. Having a child focused me on my priorities, and that was beneficial both personally and professionally."

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Source: Evolution, genetics, medicine, physics & astronomy news | guardian.co.uk | 8 Feb 2009 | 12:01 am

Bipolar music - and how to get the mood swinging on Today

Radio 4 is very definitely not a music station but it's wise enough to cover the most emotional of human art forms. Many of its listeners' lives were shaped by music, as Desert Island Discs proves. When 4 does cover music, it does so historically, or intellectually: think of James Naughtie's interesting Making of Music series, Sarfraz Manzoor's slightly stymied doc on Little Richard or the uneven The Music Group, where panellists bring in a track of their choice to discuss.

This week Robert Winston's Musical Analysis looked at music in yet another way, by investigating the relationship between musical genius and mental or physical disability. His first programme was on Robert Schumann, who suffered from bipolar disorder. Though Winston can be pompous on telly his voice is cosy on radio, and he both knows his subject and - hooray! - does all his own interviews. This was really fascinating radio, revealing Schumann's biography and analysing his music. Writer Steven Johnson, who is also bipolar, said that he can recognise the manic element in Schumann's work. Listening to the Toccata Opus 7, he pointed out its "relentless quality... it seems exuberant, it seems it's flying and it's very exciting ... but it's breathless, it's on the edge of something frightening."

While we're on music, there was an interview in The Word magazine recently with Justin Webb, who is to replace Ed Stourton on Today. Webb revealed a frankly laughable lack of musical knowledge for someone of his age, admitting he had no idea who Radiohead's Thom Yorke was. For me, that's not good enough. The most refreshing aspect of Evan Davis, the last new boy on Today, is that he is engaged in contemporary life, that he's not just living in a politics bubble. Why would we want a younger presenter who doesn't provide a younger perspective? If we need someone who's out of touch, we've got John Humphrys. Plus, Naughtie is an American politics expert, which is Webb's speciality. It's a strange appointment.

Still, it has brought out an end-of-term aspect in Stourton: he was quite brilliant interviewing an Israeli spokesman about phosphorus shells a couple of weeks ago, and is far more likely to burst into giggles than before.

guardian.co.uk © Guardian News & Media Limited 2009 | Use of this content is subject to our Terms & Conditions | More Feeds

Source: Evolution, genetics, medicine, physics & astronomy news | guardian.co.uk | 8 Feb 2009 | 12:01 am

The great health debate: Is sunshine a miracle cure?

For any expectant mother, a brief stroll in the summer sunshine would seem a pleasant diversion from the rigours of pregnancy, a chance to relax in the warmth and to take in a little fresh air. It is a harmless - but unimportant - activity, it would seem.

But there is more to such walks than was previously realised, it emerged last week. In a new study, Bristol University researchers revealed they had found out that sunny strolls have striking, long-lasting effects. They discovered that children born to women in late summer or in early autumn are, on average, about 5mm taller, and have thicker bones, than those born in late winter and early spring.

Nor was it hard to see the causal link, said team leader Professor Jon Tobias. The growth of our bones, even in the womb, depends on vitamin D which, in turn, is manufactured in the skin when sunlight falls on it.

Thus children born after their mothers have enjoyed a summer of sunny walks will have been exposed to more vitamin D and will have stronger bones than those born in winter or early spring. "Wider bones are thought to be stronger and less prone to breaking as a result of osteoporosis in later life, so anything that affects early bone development is significant," said Tobias.

The study is important, for it indicates that women should consider taking vitamin D supplements during pregnancy to ensure their children reach full stature. However, the Bristol team's findings go beyond this straightforward conclusion, it should be noted. Their work adds critical support to a controversial health campaign that suggests most British people are being starved of sunshine, and vitamin D - a process that is putting their lives at risk.

These campaigners point to a series of studies, based mainly on epidemiological evidence, that have recently linked vitamin D deficiency to illnesses such as diabetes, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and tuberculosis. Last week also saw George Ebers, professor of clinical neurology at Oxford University, unveil evidence to suggest such a deficiency during pregnancy and childhood could increase the risk that a child would develop multiple sclerosis.

The studies require rigorous follow-up research, scientists admit - but they have nevertheless provoked considerable new interest in vitamin D. Indeed, for some health experts, the substance has virtually become a panacea for all human ills. Dietary supplements should be encouraged for the elderly, the young and the sick, while skin cancer awareness programmes that urge caution over sunbathing should be scrapped, they insist. We need to bring a lot more sunshine into our lives, it is claimed.

But this unbridled enthusiasm has gone down badly with health officials concerned about soaring rates of melanomas in Britain, the result of over-enthusiastic suntanning by holidaymakers decades ago. Existing, restrictive recommendations for limits on sunbathing must be rigorously maintained, they argue, or melanoma death rates will rise even further.

So just how much sunlight is safe for us? And which is the greater risk: skin cancer or diseases triggered by vitamin D deficiency? Answers for these questions now cause major divisions among health experts.

In fact, vitamin D is not strictly a vitamin. Vitamins are defined as nutrients which can only be obtained from the food we eat and which are vital to our health. For example, vitamin C, which wards off scurvy and helps the growth of cartilage, is found in citrus fruits, while broccoli and spinach are rich in vitamin K, which plays an important role in preventing our blood from clotting. And while it is true that vitamin D is found in oily fish, cod liver oil, eggs and butter, our principal source is sunlight.

"Vitamin D should really be thought of as a hormone," said Dr Peter Berry-Ottaway, of the Institute of Food Science and Technology, and an adviser to the EU on food safety. "It forms under the skin in reaction to sunlight. We do get some from our food but our principal source is the sun.'

The key component in sunlight that stimulates vitamin D production in our bodies is ultra-violet light of wavelengths between 290 and 315 nanometres. Crucially, this component of sunlight only reaches Britain during the months between April and October. "The rest of the year, between November and March, the sun is low in the horizon. Its light has to pass through much more of the atmosphere than in summer and doesn't reach the ground," said Cambridge nutrition expert Dr Inez Schoenmakers. "For half the year we cannot make vitamin D from sunlight, so what we make in summer has to do us for the whole year."

In relatively sunny southern England, this is not a problem but in the north and in the cloudier west, noticeable health problems build up - particularly among ethnic minorities. People with dark skin are less able to manufacture vitamin D than those with pale skin and in places with relatively gloomy skies - cities such as Bradford or Glasgow, for example - the impact can be severe.

In 2007, the Department of Health revealed that up to one in 100 children born to families from ethnic minorities now suffer from rickets, a condition triggered by lack of vitamin D in which children develop a pronounced bow-legged gait. The disease once blighted lives in Victorian Britain but was eradicated by improved diets. Now it is making a major resurgence, a problem that has been further exacerbated in ethnic communities by women wearing hijabs that cover all of their bodies and block out virtually every beam of vitamin-stimulating sunshine.

A major health campaign, offering dietary advice and vitamin D supplements has since been launched. But for many doctors, it is not enough. The nation's health service needs to re-evaluate completely its approach to vitamin D as a matter of urgency; establish new guidelines for taking supplements; and scrap most of the limits on sunbathing currently proposed by health bodies.

These calls have been made not because of concerns about rickets, however. They follow the appearance of studies from across the globe that suggest vitamin D plays a key role in the fight against heart disease, cancer, tuberculosis, diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Vitamin D is not so much an important component of our diets as a miracle substance, they believe. It costs nothing to make, just some time in the sun, and lasts in the body for months.

A classic example of the potential of vitamin D was provided by a study published in a US journal, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, last year. This revealed that people with higher levels of vitamin D were more likely to survive colon, breast and lung cancer. In the study, Richard Setlow, a biophysicist at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the US and an expert on the link between solar radiation and skin cancer, calculated how much sunshine a person would get depending on the latitude on which they lived.

Setlow - who worked with colleagues at the Institute for Cancer Research in Oslo - also calculated the incidence and survival rates for various forms of internal cancers in people living at these different latitudes. Their results showed that in the northern hemisphere the incidence of colon, lung and breast cancer increased from south to north while people in southern latitudes were significantly less likely to die from these cancers than people in the north.

"Since vitamin D has been shown to play a protective role in a number of internal cancers and possibly a range of other diseases, it is important to study the relative risks to determine whether advice to avoid sun exposure may be causing more harm than good in some populations," Setlow warned.

And then there is the impact of vitamin D levels on the heart. In a study published last year in the journal Circulation, scientists at the Harvard Medical School in Boston found that a deficiency of vitamin D increased people's risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In addition, other studies have connected vitamin D deficiency to risks of succumbing to diabetes and TB.

And there was last week's publication of the study by Professor Ebers which provided compelling evidence that lack of vitamin D triggers a rogue gene to turn against the body and attack nerve endings, a process that induces the disease multiple sclerosis. In each case, researchers urged that people ensure they take vitamin D supplements to help ward off such conditions.

But others believe such calls underestimate the problem. They point to a study, published in 2007, which indicates that more than 60 per cent of middle-aged British adults have less than optimal levels of vitamin D in their bodies in summer, while this figure rises to 90 per cent in winter. Given the links between deficiency and all those ailments, only a full-scale reappraisal of the vitamin's role in British health will work, says Oliver Gillie, of the Health Research Forum.

In a report, Sunlight Robbery, he calls for the scrapping of Britain's current SunSmart programme; the setting up of an international conference of doctors and specialists to establish vitamin D's importance to health; promotion of the fortification of food with vitamin D: and the creation of a new committee whose membership would include representatives of groups of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, cancer and other conditions linked to vitamin D.

But most controversial of all is his call for people to sunbathe far more frequently than currently advised. "It is time for the UK government to encourage people to sunbathe safely to reduce cancer risk," he said.

Not surprisingly, the notion horrifies many health advisers. "There are now 9,000 new cases of melanoma in Britain every year and 2,000 deaths because people have sunbathed without proper care," said Sara Hiom, director of health information for Cancer Research UK. "Figures have increased dramatically over the past 20 years and will continue to do so unless we are very careful."

However, Hiom acknowledged that new studies did indicate that vitamin D deficiency was now linked to an increasing number of cancers and other diseases. "That is no excuse for behaving irresponsibly, however. People must avoided getting sunburned; stay out of the sun between 11am and 3pm even in this country in summer; and use factor 15 or stronger sunblock creams."

In addition, other scientists cautioned that links between vitamin D deficiency with diseases like multiple sclerosis had yet to be proved. "People with low vitamin D may be more likely to have MS but that might simply happen because their condition makes it difficult to get out in the sunshine and make vitamin D in their bodies. We have yet to distinguish cause and effect in many of these cases," said Dr Schoenmakers.

These points are crucial and suggest we need to be cautious about claims that vitamin D is capable of triggering miraculous cures. On the other hand, enough evidence is now emerging from laboratories round the world to indicate that a nutrient once thought to be a bit-player in the battle against disease, clearly has a key role to play in helping to maintain the general health of large numbers of the population of Britain.

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Source: Evolution, genetics, medicine, physics & astronomy news | guardian.co.uk | 8 Feb 2009 | 12:01 am

NASA Discovery mission faces new delay (AFP)

AFP - The space shuttle Discovery's mission to the International Space Station (ISS) has been again delayed until no sooner than February 22 for testing of three flow control valves, NASA said Saturday.

Source: Yahoo! News: Science News | 7 Feb 2009 | 10:22 pm

Step Made Toward Invisible Electronics

Researchers have made an advance toward building "invisible electronics" and transparent displays.
Source: Livescience.com | 7 Feb 2009 | 10:09 pm

Study: How Money Can Buy Happiness (LiveScience.com)

LiveScience.com - You've heard many times that money can't buy happiness. That probably never stopped you from shopping. But a new study suggests you might want to spend more on doing things and less on stuff.
Source: Yahoo! News: Science News | 7 Feb 2009 | 9:50 pm

Study: How Money Can Buy Happiness

But you might want to spend more on doing things and less on stuff.
Source: Livescience.com | 7 Feb 2009 | 9:45 pm

OPEC to cut output in March: Iraqi oil minister (AFP)

AFP - Iraq's oil minister on Saturday predicted that OPEC will cut production in March, and said that the price of a barrel of crude should not be less than 70 dollars, a senior official told AFP.

Source: Yahoo! News: Science News | 7 Feb 2009 | 7:58 pm

World Class

Schools can send their questions to the Galapagos
Source: BBC News | Science & Environment | UK Edition | 7 Feb 2009 | 4:44 pm

Photosynthesis viewed in a flash

Using ultra-short laser pulses, scientists hope to understand how plants harvest the Sun's energy.
Source: BBC News | Science & Environment | UK Edition | 7 Feb 2009 | 4:28 pm

Green Purchasing Up, Despite Economy

Four out of five people say they are still buying green products and services
Source: Livescience.com | 7 Feb 2009 | 4:17 pm